Masters Degree Dissertations

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Assessing the effect of integrated farm planning (PIP) approach on soil erosion control on the slopes of Mount Elgon, eastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2024-11) Namusoke, Rebeccah
Soil erosion is a major contributor to land degradation, attributed to inappropriate farming practices, rigid cultural beliefs, and the steep nature of the landscape. This has resulted in a reduction in soil productivity, leading to food insecurity. The government of Uganda has enacted natural resource management policies, such as the NUSAF (Northern Uganda Social Action Fund), Uganda's wildlife conservation policy, Environment Act, and afforestation in degraded land areas, however, these efforts have been largely ineffective due to their top-down nature. The PIP approach, which is a bottom-up strategy involving the lowest-level stakeholders, aims to address these issues. The study objective served to assess the effectiveness of the PIP approach (Integrated Farm Planning) on soil erosion control practices. A quasi-experimental design was used to draw a comparison between the selected sub-counties of Bumasheti (control) and Bushika (intervention) in Bududa District, Eastern Uganda. This was achieved by evaluating the impact of farming practices by smallholder farmers on soil erosion risk, identifying the constraints farmers face in using measures that control soil erosion and assessing various factors determining the adoption of the approach. The study used is based on primary data collected from 277 georeferenced respondents using the Global Positioning System (GPS). To map the extent of soil erosion risk, Remote Sensing and GIS, along with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), were employed in the study area between 2019 and 2023. The study used mixed methods, and household interviews, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to gather socio-economic data. A total of 277 records were analyzed; data cleaning was performed in Excel, and statistical analysis was carried out using STATA. 15. Descriptive tools such as frequencies, percentages, and means were used for univariate analysis, chi-squared tests for bivariate analysis, and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. The study's findings revealed that fanning practices such as agroforestry (69%), trenching (86%). planting Napier grass (67%), and planting cover crops (49%) have contributed to a reduction in soil erosion risk in the study area. Further analysis indicated that marital status (Chi=32.7295. p=0.000), receiving training (Chi=.54.6766, p=0.000), extension services (Chi=16.5296, p=0.000), education level (Chi=9.8533, p=0.02), and age (Chi=8.38, p=0.0038) were significantly associated with the PIP approach adoption. The PIP approach has positive effects on soil erosion control, attributed to its principles of integration (90%). collaboration (86%) and empowerment (87%). the three pillars of PIP. The power of the Pl P plan empowers and motivates farmers to work together and take action to restore and conserve their environment independently. Major constraints faced by farmers in implementing soil erosion control measures include limited financial resources (23%), limited labor (2 l %), and inadequate tools for certain practices (l9%). However, with training from the PIP approach and its principles, many of these constraints can be addressed. In conclusion, the PIP approach plans to motivate families to work together through collective action to conserve the land. This suggests that, when adopted by farmers, the approach can significantly contribute to soil conservation and restoration. The study recommends increasing awareness-raising workshops and PIP training among community members.
Effect of desert locust outbreaks on agricultural production of smallholder farmers in Karamoja region, Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2024-11) Lutaaya, Noah
The 2020 desert locust invasions invoked fears in Eastern Africa, including Uganda, but more so in the Karamoja region, due to their potential to devour crop fields and pasturelands, which are major livelihood sources for agro-pastoralists. This research assessed the duration and timing of the invasions by desert locusts, the impact they had on agricultural output, and the efficacy of the control strategies put in place in the districts of Amudat, Abim, Moroto, and Nakapiripirit. Specifically, it was intended to analyze the time of invasion and length of stay of the locusts in that area, determinant factors for the invasions, effects on cropland and pastureland for livestock, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures that were applied. To gather more than one data from households and local leaders in the same study, a cross-sectional sh1dy approach was employed. This was guided by the need to capture a snapshot of the locust invasions' impact over a single period, which allowed for the efficient collection and comparison of diverse responses from affected communities. With the assistance of well-trained research assistants well versed with the karamojong local languages, a questionnaire for a household survey was administered to 183 respondents who included elders, youths, opinion leaders, and local council 1 chairpersons chosen by sampling technique. The views on the subject matter from the local leaders and small holder farmers in Amudat and Moroto were gathered through two corresponding focused group discussions. Numeric data was analyzed using multiple response, chi-square, and paired t-test techniques, whereas qualitative data underwent content analysis techniques. The findings reveal that the most favorable factors that attracted the pests were vegetation type, strong dry winds, and soil type (sandy) (P <0.05). The effects of the invasions reported include destruction of trees (43%) and grass cover (39%), increased replanting costs (28%), interference with plant flowering (26%), and shifts in season planting (24% in the locales of the invasions). Desert locusts significantly (P < 0.05) affected livestock and crop production by reducing grass and tree vegetation that cattle feed on and destroying sprouting crops. These culminated in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in household income, an increase in the need for food purchases, and the use of less land (74%) for agriculture. In response to the invasions, ground spraying (68%) and aerial spraying (29%) were the most effective measures for desert locust control. To enhance resilience among agro-pastoralists against future invasions, the study recommends support for acquiring specialized spraying equipment to enable more effective and timely control efforts.
Variations in onset, cessation of the long rainfall (MAM) season and it’s impact on maize yields in Iganga district, Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-11) Wagubi, Andrew Peter
Variations in rainfall patterns has an impact on rainfall dependent sectors especially those in agricultural production. Knowledge on variations in rainfall patterns and its impact on yields is vital in agriculture. The specific objectives of this study were on the assessment of rainfall and maize trends, variations in the onset and cessation of rainfall in the March, April, May (MAM) season and the effect of start and end of the long rains on crop yield product (maize) in Iganga district. To achieve the objectives, gridded rainfall point data (secondary) from 1990 – 2022 for Iganga district and Annual MAM maize yield data (secondary) from 2013-2022 in Iganga was obtained from Iganga district agricultural office. Climate data tool (CDT) software, which considers the methodology of a Pentad approach of wet days, Evapotranspiration and a regression using Pearson’s correlation coefficient in SPSS, were the methodology employed to achieve the changes in the onset, cessation dates and the correlation between rainfall onset, cessation and maize yields respectively. Trend’s significancy of the MAM rainfall and maize yields were tested using the Mann-Kendall trend test, the P-Value approach and level of significancy. Likewise, onset, cessation, length of the rainfall season significancy on maize yield using P-value approach were further re- evaluated using the Mann-Kendell tau statistic. Results showed an increasing trend in rainfall for March, April, while May was decreasing with P-values 0.64,0.49,0.35, respectively that were not statistically significant yet the MAM long rainfall season showed an increasing trend with a P-value of 0.35 that was statistically insignificant. The MAM maize production (2013-2022) showed an increasing trend in maize yields with a Sens’s slope of 92.863 tons and a significant P-Value (0.043) showing a positive trend over the years. Study findings regarding variations in rainfall onset showed 26th February as the earliest and 8th April as the latest onset date. Rains started 24 times in March which accounted for 75% of total occurrences. 1st May was the earliest date while 26th June was the latest cessation date. The rains ended 21 times in May which accounted for 66% of the total occurrences. The relationship between onset, cessation and maize yields was analyzed using Pearson correlation showed (-0.091 with a P- value of 0.420), (0.188 with a P- value 0.960) respectively, which is a negative (inverse) relationship for onset and a positive relationship for cessation. While Mann-Kendall tau statistical analysis showed onset results (-0737, P-value 0.3293), cessation results (0.1345, P-value 0.0746), length of season results showed (0.1585, P-value 0.0355). The results showed that the time of cessation of the rains and length of the growing season have more effect on maize yields than onset in the study area. UNMA should therefore collaborate with the local farmers and give timely information about when the rains will start and end to avoid food insecurity.
Land use/cover change and its implications on carbon stocks in the urban green spaces of Mbarara city
(Kyambogo University (Unpublised work), 2024-11) Mumpe, Godfrey Kabaka
Urban land use/cover change-driven effects on carbon stocks and emissions have become a critical concern for the attainment of sustainable urban development. Yet, the historical, current and future land use/cover changes and subsequent impact on carbon stocks in urban green spaces have not been well documented in the rapidly expanding cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to investigate the spatial-temporal land use/cover change and its impact on carbon stocks in urban green spaces in Mbarara city by; (i) examining the spatial-temporal changes in LULC between 2013 and 2023; (ii) quantifying current and historical carbon stocks in the different green spaces; and (iii) predicting LULCC and carbon stocks for 2043. To examine the LULCC, the study used satellite data from the USGS Earth Explorer for the series 2013, 2018 and 2023. Iso-Cluster and Maximum likelihood classification were used for image analysis in ArcGIS 10.8 version, and six LULC classes were identified; built-up areas, bushland, cropland, grassland, tree plantations and wetland. To determine the AGC, field measurements of tree DBH and height were taken and a destructive approach was used for the grass and herbaceous vegetation. Samples were taken to the laboratory for carbon content analysis. In addition, the LULC for 2043 was predicted using the CA-Markov model and future carbon stocks were computed following the IPCC guidelines. The findings revealed that built-up areas and tree plantations steadily increased in spatial extent by 11.8% and 0.3 % respectively while grassland, cropland, bushland and wetland decreased by 6.9, 4.2, 0.8 and 0.3% respectively by 2023. In addition, the built-up areas experienced the highest net gain while grassland experienced the highest net loss. Still, the total aboveground carbon stocks in green spaces were 73.40, 72.27 and 75.44 Gg for 2013, 2018 and 2023 respectively, the increase largely driven by an increase in the area under tree plantations. This study predicted LULCC, which shows, that by 2043, built-up area will cover 49.5% (21,1830 ha). As compared to the year 2023, built-up will increase by 33.9% while the area under grassland, bushland, cropland tree plantations and wetland will decline by 21.9, 7.7, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.9 % respectively. Consequently, the predicted LULCC are expected to cause a reduction in AGC storage of 38.55 Gg by 2043 resulting from the decrease in green spaces, especially tree plantations and grassland. It is evident that the explosion of built-up areas will persist at the expense of green spaces negatively affecting carbon storage. This highlights the need by city management to prioritize ecological protection and increase tree planting along all roads and public spaces to enhance carbon storage.
Determinants and implications of land management practices for maize yield in eastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-10) Nekesa, Irene Egesa
Soil degradation threatens maize farming sustainability in eastern Uganda, necessitating effective land management practices. Despite prior research, the socio-economic factors influencing land management remain underexplored. This study investigated sustainable land management practices to boost soil productivity, mitigate land degradation, and improve maize yields in the Kyoga basin. Data were gathered from 379 households through interviews and focus groups, focusing on the adoption of practices like fertilizer application, pesticide use, and tillage conservation. The study analyzed adoption factors such as education, land ownership, access to inputs, and crop yields, alongside the impact of organic and inorganic fertilizer use on maize production. Descriptive statistics summarized the prevalence of different practices, while Chi-square tests and ANOVA compared practices and yields between the Kyoga plains and highland agro-ecological zones (AEZs). Logistic regression identified significant adoption factors. Results showed regional differences (P<0.05), with the Kyoga plain AEZ benefiting more from inorganic fertilizer and pesticide use. Key adoption determinants included soil fertility loss (69%), soil erosion (60%), and access to land (78.6%). The study concludes that addressing soil degradation requires tailored educational programs and localized interventions to enhance farmers' knowledge and improve agricultural sustainability, contributing to food security and poverty reduction in the region. The study recommended the need to promote LMPs that enhance soil fertility, such as agroforestry and mulching, to improve soil health & maize in both AEZs. Improved access to inputs and credit facilities to smallholder farmers, especially in both AEZs, promote the Use of Inorganic Fertilizers and pesticides in Highland AEZ since the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides significantly improved maize yields in the Kyoga plain AEZ; these practices should be promoted in the Highland AEZ as well.
Cultural perspectives on maternal deaths among the Basoga of eastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-11) Namususwa, Harriet Mukasa
This study aimed at exploring and analyzing the cultural beliefs and explanations of maternal deaths among the Basoga. Specifically, the study aimed at establishing rituals performed by the Basoga on maternal deaths, and the influence of modernity and Christianity on Busoga society’s cultural context of maternal deaths. The study adopted a qualitative research paradigm alongside an ethnographic design. The study population included the relatives of the deceased, cultural leaders, community leaders, and Traditional birth attendants. A sample size of 25 respondents was used for the study. Individual in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observation methods were mostly used in the field during data collection. In this study, the researcher used a semi-structured interview guide, a focus group discussion guide, and an observation guide as data collection tools. The study findings indicate that Busoga society holds unique cultural beliefs and explanations for maternal deaths, they believe so much in witchcraft, and attribute maternal deaths to malevolent intent directed towards expectant mothers, often by jealous or vengeful individuals within their social circle. There is need to emphasize spiritual and cultural interventions alongside biomedical care for maternal health. Many rituals are performed on maternal deaths, including the last funeral rites. These practices serve as cultural expressions of mourning and respect for the deceased, these rites are thought to ward off death that might target other mothers in the same family maternally. Modernity and Christianity have influenced the Basoga society’s cultural context of maternal deaths. With modernity, infrastructures, science, and technology have been developed. These have helped the expectant mothers to access proper medical care rather than relying on belief in witchcraft that leads them to access treatment from a shrine which do not have adequate medical care. The researcher concluded that the Basoga hinge on the cultural explanations for maternal deaths, despite the existence of bio-medical hospitals.
Assessment of extreme rainfall events and households’ adaptation in river Namatala catchment, Kyoga basin
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-11) Gesa, Isaac
Extreme rainfall events in river Namatala catchment have increased over the past decades, yet these extremes have persistently caused disasters to the local population. Thus, this study identified extreme rainfall events, analyzed the trends of extreme rainfall events and it examined how households adapt to the extreme rainfall events in the river catchment. The study was conducted in the lower river Namatala catchment covering the districts of Mbale, Budaka and Butaleja. Gridded rainfall data was acquired using http://hydrology.princeton.edu/data/pgf/0.5deg/ (accessed: 15 March 2024) and the Climate Data Tool (CDT) at. Frequency distribution was used to determine extreme rainfall events River Namatala catchment, Mann-Kendall test and Sens’s slope test was used to determine the trend and magnitude of extreme rainfall events experienced in river Namatala catchment. Questionnaires and interview guides were used as data collection tools. The analysis included descriptive analysis computed using in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 and Microsoft Excel version 2016. The study revealed that May had the highest number of extreme rainfall events and January had the least number of extreme rainfall events. The trend showed an increase in the extreme rainfall events with positive z-scores of 2.164, 2.63 and 0.621 in the districts of Mbale, Butaleja and Budaka respectively. Digging trenches was found to be the most practiced adaptation measure by the households. The study concluded that extreme rainfall events have increased over time in Namatala catchment over time which requires stringent measures to as to mitigate their impacts. In order boost the resilience of the areas that are affected by the effects of the extreme rainfall events, we need to monitor frequently the occurrence of these events in the catchment, taking into account their socioeconomic network towards disaster resilience among the households along the river Namatala catchment.
Assessing the effects of spatial temporal land use on vegetation health in Karamoja rangeland, northeastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-10) Awor, Jennifer Owilli
Rangelands globally are naturally managed ecological units grazed in their natural or semi-natural form. In Uganda, Pastoralism is the main livelihood activity in the Karamoja rangeland, albeit with unknown spatial quantities of cover changes and declined productivity due to environmental and anthropogenic factors. This study, therefore, aimed at (i) examining the spatiotemporal extent, trend and transitions of changes in rangeland use between 2002 and 2022, (ii) assessing the spatiotemporal variations in rangelands productivity of standing biomass between 2002 and 2022, and (iii) examining the dominant factors underlying rangeland degradation in Karamoja region. A cross-sectional and longitudinal design and mixed methods approach was adopted in this study to assess the spatiotemporal rangeland use changes and productivity in the Karamoja region, Northeastern Uganda. To examine the rangeland, use change, the study used satellite data from the USGS Earth Explorer for 2002, 2012, and 2022 series. Variation in rangeland productivity was computed using image analysis in ArcGis 10.8 and SAVI tools. In addition, 264 household interviews were conducted and analysis was conducted using a chi-square test to derive the drivers of rangeland productivity. Also, content analysis was employed to extract meaningful narratives from the 20 key informants. Results revealed that woodland, bushland, and bare ground declined in spatial extent by 38%, 9%, and 2%, respectively, by 2022. Meanwhile, grassland, cropland, and built-up increased by 20%, 12% and 2%, respectively by 2022. Maximum SAVI results of 0.660954, 0.567067, and and0.501258 in 2002, 2012 and 2022, respectively and minimum values of -0.299879 and 0.064051, and and0.0607339 in 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively, revealed that vegetation health had been degenerating over the study years. Annual mean SAVI values of 0.15, 0.26, and 0.22 in 2002, 2012 and 2022, respectively, revealed that 2012 stood out with higher productivity compared to 2022 and 2002. The crop zone had robust vegetation compared to depleted zones of pastoral and agro-pastoralist over the study time. The perceived drivers of rangeland productivity also varied significantly across the zones with x2 (264) =8, P=0.05. From this study, it is clear, therefore, that Karamoja rangelands have undergone a lot of cover and use changes between 2002 and 2022, mainly as a result of human activities. The government should develop and enforce rangeland conservation policies and invest in community-based education to raise awareness of the dangers of rangeland use/cover changes on the productivity of vegetation. The community should implement rangeland sustainable practices to enhance conservation and restoration of the ecosystems, especially in the agro-pastoral ecological zones that grapple with severe vegetation depletion.
Assessment of community-based ecotourism as a conservation strategy for areas around Queen Elizabeth national park in Kasese district, western Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-11) Songha, Ramadhan
Queen Elizabeth National Park’s limited range of community-based ecotourism activities and services, along with weak community engagement and poor attitudes, constrains the full potential of ecotourism as a sustainable development model. This study assessed ecotourism activities, community involvement, and the socioeconomic and environmental benefits in Lake Katwe and Muhokya sub-counties, Kasese District. Data were collected from 333 household representatives and 21 key informants, including tourism officials, guides, rangers, tourists, and local leaders. Structured questionnaires and interviews were used, with multiple response analysis and Pearson’s chi-square test to examine the prevalence of ecotourism activities and community involvement differences. Findings revealed key ecotourism activities, such as cultural experiences, community-managed trails, and local food tours, while dominant services included community conservation projects (70.3%), community lodges (57.4%), and community-managed tours (54.7%). Community involvement was highest in revenue sharing (83.2%) and conflict resolution (69.4%), with strong participation in meetings, cultural preservation, and environmental education. Although ecotourism fosters livelihood diversification, skills development, and conservation incentives, limited activity variety and community engagement hinder its full impact. Strengthening conservation practices, enhancing community participation, and promoting long-term planning are recommended to maximize ecotourism’s benefits for conservation and local development.
The effects of wetland use/cover changes on soil organic carbon in masese wetland, Jinja city
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-11) Bamege, Peter
Human activities, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas, are increasingly placing significant pressure on wetland ecosystems, compromising their ecological integrity and their role as carbon sinks. This study focused on the Masese wetland in Jinja City, Uganda, to evaluate land use/cover changes and soil organic carbon (SOC) across different wetland sections. The key objectives were to: (1) analyze spatial and temporal changes in wetland use/cover between 2014 and 2023; (2) examine the primary drivers of wetland use/cover changes; and (3) assess Soil Organic Carbon under various wetland use/cover types in Masese. The researcher adopted a mixed research design; cross cross-sectional research design; the quantitative and qualitative approach of data collection. The researcher used Landsat 8 (2014) and Sentinel-2A (2017, 2020, and 2023) satellite imagery for spatial-temporal analysis through the Google Earth Engine platform, collected social and economic data on wetland use/cover drivers from 276 households across five wards, administered questionnaires and conducted interviews with local stakeholders, analyzed soil samples from 15 sites using Walkley and Black’s rapid titration method and processed satellite imagery using maximum likelihood supervised classification, discriminant analysis, and change detection in ArcGIS 10.8.2. The researcher found a 3% reduction in permanent wetland areas between 2014 and 2023, driven by industrial development, economic growth, inadequate policy enforcement, and significant differences in soil properties like pH, phosphorus content, and sand/clay composition. The ANOVA results showed that there were no big differences (p > 0.05) in the SOC between the different types of wetland use. Therefore the study concludes that industrial and weak government policy and regulations have led to substantial wetland degradation in Masese wetland. However, the current land use practices have not yet caused significant depletion of SOC. The study recommends prioritization of vertical development instead of horizontal expansion practices to avoid encroaching on fragile ecosystems, particularly wetlands and strong policy enforcements related to land use planning and wetland protection, accompanied by community engagement to promote sustainable practices. Further research should examine the long-term impacts of land use changes on SOC and ecosystems, ensuring urban development considers ecological factors to preserve the wetland's role as a carbon sink.
Assessing urban agricultural enterprises and their effect on food security in cities : a case study of Mbarara city south, western Uganda
(Kyambogo University (Unpublished work), 2024-11) Arinaitwe, Justine
Urban agriculture in new cities is key and should be part and parcel of any sustainable urban physical plan but, most urban physical plans in Uganda never include urban agriculture in their urban physical plans. This is because there is limited or no information about how much contribution different urban agricultural enterprises make towards the food security of urban dwellers. This study was about urban agriculture and food security among urban household farmers in Mbarara City south division. The specific objectives included; to examine the effect of urban animal farming on food security among urban households, assess the effect of urban poultry farming on food security among urban households, analyze the effect of urban arable farming on food security among urban households and assess the effect of multiple urban agricultural enterprises on food security among urban household farmers in Mbarara City south division. A cross-sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative methods was used for data collection and analysis. Data was corrected from 307 respondents sampled using proportionate and stratified strategies using questionnaires, direct observation and interviews. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16 to generate both descriptive and inferential statistics. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, binomial statistical test and Pearson chi-square basing on a scientific scale called Household Food Access Scale. If the P-value was less than 0.05 to food security indicator, it meant that there was significant difference but when the P. value was above 0.05 to food security indicator, it meant that there was no significant difference. Results showed that majority of urban household farmers who practiced urban animal farming ,urban poultry farming and multiple urban agricultural enterprises were mildly food insecure while, majority of urban household farmers who practiced urban arable farming were food secure. Therefore, urban arable farming was the most efficient practice while urban poultry farming was the least efficient practice. The study concludes that urban arable farming should be encouraged among urban household farmers since it promoted food security to the division compared to other enterprises in Mbarara city south. Therefore, programmes to encourage urban arable farming should be emphasized by urban physical planners of the city by showing that it can be practiced in sacks, rooftops, small plots, containers and verandas.
Effects of human activities on plant species diversity in a wetland ecosystem: a case study of koga wetland, in river rwizi, mbarara district
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2018-12) Chegem, Lolem Lucy
Wetlands are the most productive life support systems in that they provide diverse wildlife habitats. In Uganda 50% of the wetlands have been interfered with by human activities to support livelihoods either through direct consumption or sale of wetland products. The overall objective of this study was to examine the effects of human activities on plant species diversity in river Rwizi with a focus on Koga wetland which is 23km long and 4km wide. The wetland was purposely selected as a representative sample because it was characterized by a majority of human activities taking place in river Rwizi wetland in Mbarara District. Google Earth map and Geographical Information System tools were used to identify and map human activities and it was found out that the dominant human activities were Brick making, animal grazing, crop growing and settlement. Nested plots of varying sizes were used to determine plant species diversity; 2500 m2 nested plot, 400 m2 4 m2 and 1 m2 were used for trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses respectively. Counts, percentages and twin comparisons of plant species in the disturbed and the undisturbed study sites were determined and recorded. Simpson's Diversity index was used to measure plant to measure the plant species index. Findings of the study revealed that, among the dominant human activities carried out in the study area, all human activities were destructive to the population of the plant species, in that the cropped area had only 6% of the plant species, the bricked had 9% while the settled had 35% and the grazed 36% indicating that there were very slight differences in their effects. This study further determined the differences in diversity score of plant species diversity among the disturbed and the w1disturbed sites by use of Simpson's Diversity Index. The study revealed that the bricked site had 0.65(65%), followed by the undisturbed site with 0.59 (59%), The grazed site ranked third with 0.53 (53%) diversity score, then settled came fourth with 0.50(50%) and cropped ranked last with the least diversity score of 0.46 (46%). Based on the findings, the study concludes that there are no much differences among the effect of the human activities on plant species diversity and thus all activities affect the plant species diversity. So, there is an urgent need for government and environmental activists to mitigate this situation. From the findings, it is recommend that future researchers need to consider qualitative studies such as in-depth interviews with wetland invaders.
Effect of climate variability and change on millet production in Gweri Subcounty, Soroti district, Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-10) Atim, Sarah
The study examined the effect of climate variability and change on millet production in Gweri Sub County Soroti district. The specific objective were; to determine the trend of climate change and variability, assess farmers perceptions on the effects of climate change and climate variability on millet grain yields and to determine farmers adaptation practices to climate change and climate variability in Gweri Sub County, Soroti district. A cross sectional survey was adopted and data collection involved both use of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected from 80 households including farmers and extension workers in Gweri sub county Soroti district. Data was analysed using statistical package SPSS version 16. Result show predicted increase in rainfall and mean temperature of gweri sub county by the year 2039 respectively. Respondents acknowledged that rainfall amounts have changed, onset and cessation are dynamic, and a decline in millet yields attributed to climate variability and change was reported. The most prominent coping mechanisms include growing improved crops varieties, mixed cropping planting of 2nd season crops in 1st season and planting of 1st season crops in 2nd season due to change in climate, shifting from water stressed and flood prone areas and adjusting on planting dates and crop diversification. In conclusion, both climate models, namely RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5, predict an increase in annual rainfall, with values of 1830.6 and 1651.9 mm, respectively, for the year 2031. This trend is followed by similar peaks in the years 2036 and 2033. Additionally, the same models forecast a sustained and consistent rise in annual mean temperatures for Gweri Sub County, reaching 27.56°C in the year 2039, with similar high levels expected in 2032 and 2035. It's noteworthy that throughout this period, the annual mean temperatures remain within the optimal range of 26°C, favoring the growth of millet. This information was generated with the assistance of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AGMIP), which contributed to the prediction of increased annual rainfall, and data analysis was executed to provide these valuable insights.
Analysing the role of integrated farm Plan environmental approaches and conservation of the Manafwa watershed, eastern Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-05) Chepkurong, Doreen
The government of Uganda is committed to watershed conservation practices in the Manafwa river valley. Interventions have been made through Northern Uganda Social Action Fund, National Forestry Authority, National Environmental Management Authority and Manafwa Watershed Restoration and Stewardship in order to reduce watershed degradation. The implementation of MWARES has been in place for the last two years. This study was therefore intended to analyse the role of Integrated Farm Plan environmental approaches and conservation of the Manafwa watershed, Eastern Uganda. This was operationalized by specifically studying the locational characteristics of the area where the schools are found, the forms and process of activity integration within the watershed, the networking and collaboration strategies and the influence of pupils’ environmental awareness on watershed management. In further execution, the study adopted both a correlational research design to establish associations among variables and mixed methods to avail comprehensive conclusions. A sample of 214 respondents was selected using both purposive, and simple random sampling techniques, where 209 were from pupil environmental club participants and five of them from club patrons. The study availed descriptive, inferential, and qualitative findings after using a questionnaire, an interview guide, and observation checklist for data collection. By using Binary regression analysis, the study found that the forms and process of activity integration within Manafwa watershed from Bukalasi, Bushika, and Bushiyi had significant Beta values of 0.95, 0.96 and 0.96 respectively. Pupils' strategies of networking and collaboration in Manafwa watershed had a low positive effect with Beta values 0.38, 0.17 and 0.22 from Bushiyi, Bukalasi and Bushika Sub- Counties respectively. Pupils’ environmental awareness in all the three Sub-counties of Bukalasi, Bushika and Bushiyi had significant Beta values of 0.78, 0.86 and 0.85 respectively for watershed management. The study thus recommends that strategies like training pupils on how to put value to PIP products like fruits and bananas so as to generate funds to run their activities, training them on tree nursery bed establishment so as to ensure availability of trees to be planted in schools and for sale in the community and banana management, head teachers and classroom teachers to adequately timetable environmental club activities and constantly pass on conservation messages during classroom sessions, assemblies and budgeting for such activities. Further, district officials and partners like MWARES should train and retrain teachers to orient them towards environmental conservation responsibilities and occasionally organise environmental club competitions to boost competitiveness among schools.
Effects of land use and land cover change on people’s livelihoods in Kira municipality, central Uganda
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2023-07) Busolo, Paul
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes have been experienced globally due to pressure from the ever-increasing human populations and environmental conditions associated with climate change and the resultant effects on livelihoods derived thereof. This study investigated LULC Change on people’s livelihoods in Kira Municipality, Central Uganda. Specifically, the study was set to; (i) determine the extent of LULC Change in Kira Municipality between 2000 and 2021, (ii) establish the perceived drivers of LULC Change and, (iii) assess the impact of LULC Change on people’s livelihood types in Kira Municipality. Landsat 7 and 8 images were accessed and downloaded from the United States Geological Survey’s earth explorer portal and were used for determining LULC Changes for three periods (2000, 2011 & 2021). The obtained images were taken through pre-processing, processing and post-processing steps in Arc GIS 10.4 software. For LULC Change analysis, a supervised maximum livelihood classification and discriminate analysis computations were done. Additionally, the socio-economic field data was collected from purposively selected households in the study area for analysis of the perceived drivers of LULC Change and their impact on people’s livelihood types. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis techniques. The results revealed a marked Change in LULC between 2000 and 2021 with a wide increase in the built-up land (33.5%), a decline in wetland, farmland and forest land. The Change in LULC, were largely driven by demographic and institutional factors related to rapidly growing population and limited supervision respectively. These fueled intensification of settlements, industrial and infrastructural developments. Furthermore, LULC Change impacted on livelihoods by influencing human livelihood types which were largely positive because they are the greatest employers of the majority of the population and so sustaining numerous lives in this Municipality. Such types of livelihoods were mainly transportation, building and construction and trade work/services. It is concluded that there were significant Changes in LULC in Kira Municipality in the last two decades, driven by increase in human populations in this area. It is therefore recommended that vertical development is embraced to check on the escalating urban population and also regulate Land Uses in ecologically sensitive ecosystems like wetlands and forests in this area that are associated with habitant losses in terms of land and its resources.
Characterization and mapping the distribution of landslides by magnitude on the slopes of Mount Elgon
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2018-12) Paul, Gudoyi Makoba
Landslides are one of the most widespread natural hazards occurring every year all over the world. In Uganda, they are common in Mt. Elgon areas. To minimize fatalities, there is need to know where landslides are likely to occur. In this study therefore, attempts were made to; characterize landslides basing on magnitude, relate pedologic characteristics of the derived magnitude classes and, map the spatial distribution of the landslide magnitude classes in Sironko and Bulambuli districts. Towards such efforts, a cross sectional study design and a quantitative approach were employed. Using snowball sampling, 45 landslide scars were visited, geocoded and investigated for scar• dimensions, from which data used in creating landslide magnitude classes using cluster analysis in R software version 3.4.4 was derived. At each landslide scar, a description of the soil morphological and physical properties was done. In addition, soil samples were picked for laboratory analysis of chemical properties of interest to this study. This data was compared with the derived landslide magnitude classes. To predict the spatial distribution of landslide magnitude classes, a response variable shape file for landslide classes and a predictor variables' raster file containing 18 layers of terrain, soil and geology data for the study area were prepared in SAGA GIS 2.3.1 and ArcGIS 10.5. Using this data, random forest modeling was implemented in R software and the output, further processed in ArcGIS to map distribution of the predicted landslide magnitude classes. The study shows that the area experiences three classes of landslide magnitude - low, moderate and high magnitude. These categories express themselves differently due to spatial and depth wise variation in soil physical and chemical properties. When the categories were predicted across the area, and using random forest modeling and terrain, geologic and pedologic covariates, it was found out that 507.15 km2 land area is landslide-free whilst 2.5 km2, 205.43 km2 and 5 .14 km2 land area is susceptible to low, moderate and high magnitude landslides, respectively. In this modeling effort, it was found out that slope influences landslide magnitude to a large extent compared to soil and longitudinal curvature. From this study, it was concluded that: (i) it is possible to characterize landslides basing on volume, area and flow length, using an objective classifier; (ii) a large proportion of the land (29%) in Sironko and Bulambuli is susceptible to moderate magnitude landslides, but an equally large area is not at threat of landslides; and (iii) soil, topography and geology influence the category of landslide experienced in Mt Elgon areas. It is recommended that high and moderate magnitude landslide susceptible areas be used for activities that require minimal land interference, such as is the case with forestry and conservation.
The impact of urban land use practices on water quality in river Mpanga in fort-portal Municipality, Kabarole District
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2014-02) Lucy, Akite
This study was conducted in Fort-Portal Municipality, Kabarole District in 2010/2013. Major aims were: identifying and mapping the different land use practices along Mpanga River in Fort-Portal Municipality; to find out the relationships between the different land use practices and the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of the water in River Mpanga in Fort-Portal Municipality in relation to land uses and to compare the quality of water in the river at inflow and outflow. Laboratory analysis of samples of river water taken on the basis of different land uses were done to determine the physical characteristics (parameters included; Total dissolve solids, Total suspended solids and Electrical conductivity). Chemical characteristics (parameters included; Bio-chemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Total Phosphate, pH, and Nitrate). Biological characteristics included; fecal coli form in order to ascertain the degree of the impact of urban land use practices on the quality of water in the river at inflow, within urban center and at outflow. Emphasis was also put to find out whether land uses within urban areas continued to affect water quality in the river when the water had left the Municipality. Survey design and purposive sampling technique were used. Methods of data collection were direct and critical field observations and observation of analysis of samples of water in the Laboratory. Statistical method of data analysis was standard deviation. Mean results got were presented in constructed tables for each land use and mean plot graphs of the reach which portrayed changes in the quality of water. Conclusively, the land uses in Fort-Portal Municipality have not impacted so much on the river water of Mpanga because most of their average values are below the National Standards with exception of Municipal abattoir where its TP is 18.37 mg/l, COD is 199.50mg/l and Animal grazing farm had a TP average value of 12.34mg/l all are above the National Standards for effluents discharge in water body. Other land use practices were environmentally friendly. The average values of all the parameters at inflow and outflow presents that there is no pollution. All the urban land uses are recommended along Mpanga River within the Municipality with the exception of animal grazing farm and Municipal abattoir because of their high TP, TSS arid COD. Continuous monitoring of water quality at Municipal abattoir by NWSC is required by use of waste Treatment Plant before discharged in the environment. Animal grazing farm need to be far away from the river in order to avoid pollution of river water by their wastes.
Factors influencing the changing urban land use Patterns in mbale municipality since 1995.
(Kyambogo University [unpublished work], 2013-03) Gesa, Ali
This study focused on the factors influencing the changing Urban land use patterns in Mbale Municipality since 1995. There were three main objectives set in the study, that is, to describe the previous and current land use patterns in Mbale Municipality since 1995, to examine the underlying causes and effects of the changing urban land use patterns in Mbale Municipality since 1995, and to establish the relationship between urban land uses and Mbale urban structure plans or schemes for 1954 and 1997. Purposive sampling method was used to arrive at the samples for the study. A population of study was selected. They included business community (commercials), homesteads, industrialists and planners. Observation, questionnaires and interviews guides were the major research instruments used. Observation was used especially on observing the current land use changes. Questionnaires and interview guides were administered to collect data from the sampled categories • of people in Mbale Municipality. Documentary review was used to supplement on primary data obtained from interviews and questionnaires. The data was analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages, Tables, pie charts, graphs, maps and photographs. Previously, before 1995 low lying areas and valleys were reserved for conservation and public open spaces. Gently sloping areas were mainly for residential, administrative, institutional and commercial purposes. Currently after 1995, land uses have been mixed up in all the three divisions. You find both residential and commercial activities taking place in areas meant for industrial or conservation area. The changes in land use patterns in Mbale municipality have been influenced by mainly socio-economic factors. The effects resulting from the changing urban land use patterns are diverse which included the following: Destruction of wetland areas, encroachment on open spaces, urban farm land and land use conflicts among others. A comparison of the changes in land use patterns in Mbale municipality are not in line with the Mbale urban structure plans/schemes of 1954 and 1997. It was recommended that stakeholders devise measures such as implementing land use regulations among other measures to ensure proper growth of the town as it processes for a city status.
Prediction of inundation due to Kabuyanda dam failure and its impact on the communities of Isingiro district, western Uganda
(Kyambogo University[unpublished work], 2022-09-01) Esagu, John Calvin
Globally, dams are indispensable in overcoming hindrances posed by climate change through ensuring sustainable water supply for irrigation. However, in case of failure, Dam floods cause devastating effects in fatalities and financial losses. The study focused on predicting the flood extent in case of Kabuyanda dam failure, determining the exposure of land use types, estimate the damages/losses resulting from the inundation in the eventuality of the dam failure and establish possible flood mitigation measures in Isingiro district. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted following both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System model was used to predict flow simulation while depth-damage stage, and replacement values were considered for risk analysis. The data used was acquired from Uganda Beareau of statistics, Ministry of education and sports, Ministry of health, Ministry of water and environment, National risk and vulnerability atlas for Uganda, key informant interviews, and google earth. Geo-spatial analysis, descriptive statistics, and Nvivo software were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that in the eventuality of a dam failure, the spatial extent of floodwater would inundate approximately 1,745.65 hectares of land totaling 43.20% of the Kabuyanda flood plain (4040.60 hectares) with flood velocity and depth ranging between 11.99 m/s to 0 m/s and 0-8.4 m respectively. About 5, 756 people, 319.15 hectares of croplands, 178 roads, 8 schools, police post, and a medical center are exposed to potential dam-break inundation and damage with loss estimate totaling approximately 4,158,130,546 UGS. Flood preparedness will be more vital than response and recovery. Low flood zone and uphill regions are suggested as evacuation centers; river banks for forestry and flood fringe for crop cultivation. Conclusively, elevation within the flood plain determines water surface movement, damageability while losses depend on flood velocity and depth. Therefore, flood emergency preparedness strategies are a prerequisite in protecting the downstream population, reducing the damages and losses that could to result from potential dam failure. The estimated cost is 1,670,738 USD (5,912.992,392 UGX) towards meeting the activities to mitigate an inundation disaster in Kabuyanda irrigation scheme in the Isingiro notably evacuation and resettlement from the flood danger spots.
Use of improved methods of crop farming and livelihoods of small holder farmers in Luuka district
(Kyambogo University[unpublished work], 2022-10) Mawogole, Bosco
The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of improved methods of crop farming on the livelihoods of small-holder farmers in Luuka district. The objectives of study included; to find out the improved methods of crop farming used by small holder farmers, to determine the effect of improved methods of crop farming on the financial capital, physical possessions and food availability for small holder farmers in Luuka district. The study adopted a cross sectional study design. The sample size was 295 respondents which consisted of 275 household heads, 15 Village Local council 1 chairpersons, 2 Sub- County chairpersons, 2 Sub – County Operation Wealth Creation staff and 1 District Agricultural Officer. Purposive and simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. The study relied mostly on primary data that was collected using questionnaires, interview and observation methods. The quantitative data were analyzed by tabulating, and computing frequencies, percentages and the chi – square test was run to determine whether there were significant differences between adopters and non-adopters in terms of livelihoods. Qualitative data was analyzed by coding and establishing common themes according to objectives of study that emerged in the process of interacting with participants. The findings show that most farmers in Luuka district (69.1%) had adopted improved methods of crop farming. The dominant improved methods of crop farming in the area were; use of high breed crops (25.8%), use of pesticides (13.7%), use of crop rotation (13.2%) and use of fertilizers (11.1%). Findings reveal that use of improved methods of crop farming practices improved farmers’ incomes, led to acquisition of more physical assets and increased food availability. Using the study findings it is recommended that it necessitates training small holder farmers to adopt improved methods of crop farming practices, sensitize small holder farmers in order to increase food availability and incomes. As such, policy makers should encourage adoption of improved methods of crop farming practices.

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