Exploring the implications of community engagements in ensuring access to safe borehole water in rural setting in Uganda

Abstract

Groundwater is essential for human consumption, agriculture and industry, traditionally deemed safe due to natural filtration. However, increasing pollution and limited community participation in borehole development have raised contamination concerns in Uganda's rural districts like Arua, Nakaseke, Lyantonde and Bugweri, where this study was conducted. This research examined the relationship between community engagement and borehole water quality using a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, water quality testing and geographical mapping. It assesses how community involvement in borehole site selection, construction, monitoring and maintenance influences water source protection and quality. A total of 530 structured questionnaires were analyzed to gauge engagement levels, while direct water quality analysis was conducted in Bugweri, with secondary data from Nakaseke, Lyantonde and Arua. Results show a significant link between community engagement and water quality, with better quality maintained in districts with higher community involvement. Factors like inadequate drainage and cracks around boreholes contributed to water contamination. For instance, Arua district showed a reduction in E. coli contamination with higher community adherence to borehole maintenance instructions. This study highlights the importance of active community participation in borehole development and maintenance for ensuring safe water access and improving public health, particularly during the wet season.